Scientific References

  1. De Moraes CG, John SWM, Williams PA, et al. Nicotinamide and pyruvate for neuroenhancement in open-angle glaucoma: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140(1):11-18. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.4576 
  2. Tribble JR, Otmani A, Sun S, et al. Nicotinamide provides neuroprotection in glaucoma by protecting against mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction. Redox Biol. 2021;43:101988. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.101988 
  3. Williams PA, Harder JM, Foxworth NE, et al. Vitamin B3 modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice. Science. 2017;355(6326):756-760. doi:10.1126/science.aal0092 
  4. Hui F, Tang J, Williams PA, et al. Improvement in inner retinal function in glaucoma with nicotinamide (vitamin B3) supplementation: a crossover randomized clinical trial. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;48(7):903-914. doi:10.1111/ceo.13818 
  5. Fahmideh F, Marchesi N, Barbieri A, Govoni S, Pascale A. Non-drug interventions in glaucoma: Putative roles for lifestyle, diet and nutritional supplements. Surv Ophthalmol. 2022 May-Jun;67(3):675-696. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.09.002 
  6. Kouassi Nzoughet J, Chao de la Barca JM, Guehlouz K, et al. Nicotinamide deficiency in primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(7):2509-2514. doi:10.1167/iovs.19-27099 
  7. Babighian S, Gattazzo I, Zanella MS, et al. Nicotinamide: Bright potential in glaucoma management. Biomedicines. 2024;12(8):1655. doi:10.3390/biomedicines12081655 
  8. Harder JM, Guymer C, Wood JPM, et al. Disturbed glucose and pyruvate metabolism in glaucoma with neuroprotection by pyruvate or rapamycin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(52):33619-33627. doi:10.1073/pnas.2014213117 
  9. Williams PA, Harder JM, John SWM. Glaucoma as a metabolic optic neuropathy: making the case for nicotinamide treatment in glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2017;26(12):1161-1168. doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000767 
  10. Williams PA, Harder JM, Cardozo BH, Foxworth NE, John SWM. Nicotinamide treatment robustly protects from inherited mouse glaucoma. Commun Integr Biol. 2018;11(1):e1356956 
  11. Quah Qin Xian N, Wong FYK. Combined use of nicotinamide and pyruvate for neuroenhancement in open-angle glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140(4):440. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.0155 
  12. Tasneem Zainab Khatib, Zac Wennberg Smith, Jeffrey Louis Goldberg. Tolerability and efficacy of open-label nicotinamide and pyruvate supplementation for primary open-angle glaucoma over 16 months. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024;65(7):669 
  13. Williams PA, Harder JM, Foxworth NE, Cardozo BH, Cochran KE, John SWM. Nicotinamide and WLDS act together to prevent neurodegeneration in glaucoma. Front Neurosci. 2017;11:232 
  14. Shukla A, Garg Cioffi GA, John SWM, Wang Q, Liebmann JM, et al. American Glaucoma Society-American Academy of Ophthalmology position statement on nicotinamide use for glaucoma neuroprotection. Ophthalmology Glaucoma.
  15. Gomes AP, Price NL, Ling AJ, et al. Declining NAD(+) induces a pseudohypoxic state disrupting nuclear-mitochondrial communication during aging. Cell. 2013;155(7):1624-1638. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.037
  16. Cimaglia G, Tribble JR, Votruba M, Williams PA, Morgan JE. Oral nicotinamide provides robust, dose-dependent structural and metabolic neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells in experimental glaucoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2024;12(1):137. Published 2024 Aug 23. doi:10.1186/s40478-024-01850-8